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Ibn al-Rawandi
Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Ishaq al-Rawandi ((ペルシア語:ابو الحسن احمد بن یحیی بن اسحاق راوندی), (アラビア語:أبو الحسن أحمد بن يحيى بن إسحاق الراوندي)), commonly known as Ibn al-Rawandi ((ペルシア語:ابن راوندی); 827–911 CE〔Al-Zandaqa Wal Zanadiqa, by Mohammad Abd-El Hamid Al-Hamad , First edition 1999, Dar Al-Taliaa Al-Jadida, Syria (Arabic)〕), was an early skeptic of Islam and a critic of religion in general. In his early days, he was a Mu'tazilite scholar, but after rejecting the Mu'tazilite doctrine, he adhered to Shia Islam for a brief period before becoming a freethinker who repudiated Islam and revealed religion.〔(A History of Natural Philosophy By Edward Grant )〕 Although none of his works have survived, his opinions had been preserved through his critics, Muslim apologists and the surviving books that answered him.〔Ibn al-Rawandi, by Mehmet Karabela, in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam'', edited by Ibrahim Kalin, vol. 1, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.〕 His book with the most preserved fragments (through an Ismaili book refuting Al-Rawandi's ideology) is the ''Kitab al-Zumurrud'' (''The Book of the Emerald'').
== Life ==
Abu al-Husayn Ahmad bin Yahya ben Isaac al-Rawandi was born in Rawand(:fa:راوند) in Kashan, today located in Central Iran or some say in Marv-rud in Greater Khorasan, today located in northwest Afghanistan, about the year 815 CE.〔(- Loghatnaame By Allame Dehkhoda )〕〔(Medieval Islamic Civilization By Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach )〕 According to the Egyptian scholar Abdur Rahman Badawi, Al-Rawandi was born in Basra at the time of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Mamoun.〔Min Tareekh Al-Ilhad Fi Al-Islam, From the History of Atheism in Islam by Abd-El Rahman Badawi pages: 87-206, Second edition 1991, Sinaa Lil Nasher Egypt (Arabic)〕 His father, Yahya, was a Jewish scholar and convert to Islam, who schooled Muslims in how to refute the Talmud.〔Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal Page 636〕 Al-Rawandi abandoned Islam for atheism and used his knowledge of Islam, learned from his father, to refute the Quran.
He joined the Mu'tazili of Baghdad, and gained prominence among them. But then he became estranged from his fellow Mu'tazilites, and formed close alliances with Shia Muslims and then with non-Muslims (Manichaeans, Jews and perhaps also Christians). He then became a follower of the Manichaean ''zindiq'' Abu Isa al-Warraq in which he wrote several books that criticized revealed religion.〔
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